El Niño Field Campaign

Using CODAP to Analyze Urban Heat Island Data

2025-02-28T14:28:57Z

It was great seeing all of the data that students collected for the Urban Heat Island Intensive Observation Period in December 2024. I decided to look at some of the data using a graphing tool called CODAP from the Concord Consortium. It is easy to use and makes some neat graphs fast.

First, I downloaded all of the surface temperature data from the GLOBE website for December using the ADAT system (Advanced Data Access Tool). There are other ways to get data from the GLOBE data base including the Vis system and API.

Second, I brought the data into CODAP and clicked on map to map it.

It's great to see all of the students entering data. I would love to see more data west of the Mississippi River in the United States. I'll have to work on getting more students involved.

Then, I had to change the surface temperature data and anything else I wanted to plot on a graph to a numeric value.

Here is how the data looks by latitude.

Most of the observations were taken in the Northern Hemisphere. You can see that as we go north, the temperatures are lower. How does snow affect the temperature?

The font is a little small. I haven't figured out how to make it bigger yet. Dry ground is the left column, snow is the middle and wet is the right. I put the means for each surface condition so it is easy to separate. There are many fewer observations taken on snow than any other surface condition. Wet ground is, on average, about 15 C cooler than the dry ground. This may be due to the location of the observations too. There are many observations from Saudi Arabia for instance that are all dry and hot. Snow is slightly below freezing with the lowest surface temperature of about -10 C.

This was just a quick analysis of some of the data. I hope you are able to do a project for the IVSS (International Virtual Science Symposium) https://www.globe.gov/news-events/globe-news/-/newsdetail/10157/announcing-the-2025-international-virtual-science-symposium-ivss-theme

I'll leave you with this. It has been quite cold in the Great Lakes area where I live. I've made an ice rink in my backyard and here is a video of my youngest son skating on it.

Total Solar Eclipse Viewing Event at The University of Toledo: My Personal Experience

2024-08-24T09:22:25Z

The first time I have ever witnessed a solar eclipse was on March 29, 2006, in the southwestern part of Nigeria. As an undergraduate student who majored in Geography, I was curious to know how the celestial event would happen. Indeed, I was able to witness the partial solar eclipse which was an awe-inspiring celestial event, but was not opportune to study the effect of the unique phenomena on my local environment. When I read online late last year that the total solar eclipse will pass through Toledo, Ohio in the United States where I reside presently, I thought this might be a rare opportunity once again to observe the astronomical event and explore the wonder and amazement associated with it.

As a graduate student at the University of Toledo, and a research assistant with GLOBE Mission Earth (GME): (a UToledo-led NASA-funded program) domiciled at the Department of Geography and Planning, I was engaged in the Eclipse Viewing Event, organized by the University of Toledo. GME was part of the presenters with a presentation stand at the heart of our campus on Centennial Mall for this festive atmosphere.

Photo credit: Kingsley, UT. Photo credit: Femi, UT.

GLOBE Mission Earth, Eclipse Presentation Stand.

Once again, I saw another opportunity to do what I couldn’t do while I experienced my first solar eclipse viewing. For years, GLOBE Mission Earth, at the University of Toledo, has been studying the influence of solar eclipses on weather changes, using a citizen science approach. This year was not an exception. GLOBE equipment was loaned to the guest volunteers (students, visitors on campus and faculty) who helped to collect surface and air temperatures using handheld thermometers. The clouds were also observed using GLOBE Cloud Windows developed by NASA Langley Research Center. All these observations and measurements were taken before and after the solar eclipse event to see if there were any changes to surface, air, and cloud observations.

It was interesting to see the data I collected through the GLOBE Observer app that indicated a significant drop of 12 degree Celsius in the air temperature before, during, and after the solar eclipse.

Photo credit: GLOBE Observer App Photo credit: Esther, UT

The first picture shows the GLOBE Observer App graph showing air temperature before, during, and after the Solar Eclipse in Toledo. The second picture shows the total eclipse on the University of Toledo Campus. In addition, this summer, I will be working with NASA-SEES students who will be doing some research on the Effects of Solar Eclipse on Weather Changes across the United States. This project will take up to 6 weeks and I look forward to an interesting presentation from the NASA-SEES students.

October Urban Heat Island Observations, December underway and plans for March

2023-12-18T03:32:00Z

The urban heat island intensive observation period (IOP) this October yielded about 25% more observations than last year. I only look at surface temperature observations since that is the protocol that I developed (with help from others) and there are many other air temperature and cloud observations in the GLOBE database that are not part of the urban heat island IOP. This October there were a total of 2353 surface temperature observations made by 115 schools. This underscores the commitment of participating schools in contributing valuable insights into surface temperature variations.

The Top 10 Schools were:

School Name	number of observations	Rank
Brazil GLOBE v-School	163	1
University Of Toledo	148	2
Saint Andrew Catholic School	96	3
Abu baker alsedik basic school	72	4
Clay High School	68	5
Team Phoenix (Five Keys Schools and Programs)	65	6
Yamama Secondary School at Riyadh	56	7
Boston University School of Education GLOBE v-School	54	8
OOU Goce Delcev	51	9
The 19th Secondary Girls School at Al-Madinah Al-Monawarah	51	9
University of Toledo GLOBE v-School	50	10
Total Observations: 2353	Samples taken by top ten schools: 874

It is noteworthy that the 10 schools that took the most observations accounted for about 25% of all of the observations. The database has gotten enough observations that students can develop research projects for the International Virtual Science Symposium (IVSS).

https://www.globe.gov/news-events/meetings_symposia/virtual-conferences

I had my undergraduate students take observations as an assignment. It seemed to work well. GLOBE now allows you to set up many student accounts. Then, the students were able to use their phones to enter their observations through the GLOBE Observer app. I provided the infrared thermometers. Here is a distribution of the observations. There are many new schools participating and many long-term schools.

Another interesting aspect of the October observations is that, in the United States down through Brazil, an Annular Solar Eclipse occurred. Many students, teachers and patrons at libraries took surface temperature, air temperature and cloud observations.

Then, in April 8, 2024, there will be a Total Solar Eclipse travel from Mexico, up through the United States into Canada. This is another great time to take observations.

Students in my Weather and Climate class at the University of Toledo did a research project. The surface temperature for Orangeville Public Library in Utah showed almost a 6 C decrease from before to during the Annular Eclipse. That seems pretty large to me since the sun was not completely covered. That is why we do the research though, because it isn’t always obvious.

This year, you can start now or in March, we would like you to take observations of your school grounds. We’ve seen that some schools have artificial turf for their playgrounds, sports fields or school grounds in general. And, these surfaces are extremely hot. We are wondering how hot this makes your school grounds. Also, in the United States, seniors sometimes paint the parking space in the parking lot that they park in. Is that something in other parts of the world? How does painting a parking space change the temperature of the parking?

2023 NASA SEES Virtual Interns Study Urban Heat Island and Air Quality

2023-12-01T19:18:18Z

For the past three years, the GLOBE Mission Earth (GME) Team at the University of Toledo, Ohio has been teaching and mentoring NASA-SEES high school students across the United States in the study of the Urban Heat Island Effect (UHIE) and Air Quality. In 2023, the NASA-SEES High School Virtual Internship Program had 20 interns for both the UHIE and Air Quality Groups.

During the 6-week virtual training, interns conducted research on the topics of their choice and met virtually three times a week to complete their projects. They also completed weekly assignments.

For the UHIE investigations, students conducted their research in Google Earth Engine (GEE), using GLOBE in-situ observations, and applied remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques to satellite imagery and socio-economic datasets. Five UHIE research projects were completed by 10 Interns. The students’ names, high schools and research topics (along with Youtube links to their final presentations) are listed below.

List of 2023 NASA SEES Virtual Urban Heat Island Team

For the Air Quality Group, ten SEES interns participated in the group and another three student interns (two with NASA Langley Research Center and one with the University of Toledo) participated in the five-week virtual program this year. Small sensors, e.g. PurpleAir sensors were used in most students’ projects. The topics included: ER visits due to asthma, economic factors, visibility, and airline cancellation, PM 2.5 levels in urban and suburban areas, PM2.5 in coastal and mainland areas, indoor and outdoor PM 2.5 comparison, and comparing different types of small sensors. Moreover, students were able to utilize real-time data from small sensors on special situations, such as wildfires in Canada and California, and fireworks across the U.S. on Independence Day.

The table below lists the students, their high schools, and the titles of their projects, along with YouTube links to their final presentations.

List of 2023 NASA SEES Air Quality Group Team

Finally, the mentors are looking forward to the commencement of NASA SEES 2024 Virtual Internship Program.

Global Connections and Intergenerational Relationships

2023-05-11T19:53:11Z

One of the things that I find the most inspiring about The GLOBE Program, is the rich collaboration that it enables us to have with each other. Speaking for myself, I now have friends literally all around the globe, because of my engagement and interaction with GLOBE. I thought I would take a little time to write about a very inspiring intergenerational collaboration that I have found particularly enriching.

During the virtual GLOBE Annual Meeting in 2021, I was asked by a participant if we could meet up in a virtual room and chat. I was astonished to meet the extremely vibrant and enthusiastic young engineer and new GLOBE member, Yashraj Patil. He was about to go on an amazing research expedition and was interested in finding out how he might incorporate GLOBE protocols into his work while he was there. Learn more about his incredible research trip here!

Over the past two years, we have kept in touch and formed a warm friendship, even though we are from such different cultures and generations. We send each other Facebook messages daily to keep in touch and share various cultural and family holidays. Sometimes we even meet up in “real time” using technology, and I have had the pleasure of talking to his mom, dad, brother, cousins, and his grandparents. I love learning about the music, foods, and cultural customs that Yashraj and his family celebrate. Likewise, he sees my family photos showing him how my grandchildren are dressed for Halloween and other holidays.

Not long ago, Yashraj was telling me that his grandfather was ill and had to be taken to the hospital. He explained that it was his grandfather, Shri Sudhakar Patil who had encouraged him throughout his life. "My grandfather has a wealth of life experiences that gave me valuable guidance and advice on a variety of aspects ranging from careers to personal development. He always made sure that I was in touch with science and geography (for international exposure) since my childhood, and he accompanied me consistently while watching Discovery, National Geographic channel, and even watching Star Movies, which made it easier for me to pick up the English more fluently.”

I had the pleasure of meeting his grandfather virtually several times during our live chats and knew that he had visited the United States and that he spoke English very well. I made sure to touch base with Yashraj each day to check on the status of his beloved grandfather. When his grandfather came home from the hospital, we had a live chat and I told his grandfather myself just how much he meant to his grandson- and as a grandmother myself, how much he inspired me as I strive to also have this kind of a close and influential relationship with my grandchildren.

I am sorry to say that Yashraj lost his beloved grandfather, Shri Sudhakar Patil, two weeks after he had returned from the hospital. Having met this wise man, I could not only sympathize with his loss but also reassure him that his grandfather knew how much he had influenced and guided him, and that Yashraj will spread his grandfather’s wisdom and energy onto so many others.

Yashraj agreed and told me “It is commonly said in India that "a lake/sea is formed drop by drop," and in the same way, my grandfather took the same approach and began seeding every drop of multidimensional knowledge while I was growing up, and today, he has witnessed so many of my international achievements and fulfilled his dream of getting into Science, Research, and Diplomacy. When my Himalayan Expedition work was featured in NASA Science Activation Nugget, he burst into tears and told me he never imagined witnessing such a day.

Despite his confidence in my abilities, witnessing this was a pleasant surprise and a fantastic reward for his efforts. Later, when I received the United Nations Global Diplomacy Fellowship Spring 2023 and got the opportunity to be on a panel for the UN General Assembly Science Summit 2023, he was overjoyed and appreciated my efforts to consider international relations alongside my scientific research, and he said he has witnessed everything and wonders what my grandson will look like when he touches those international dimensions with his great work.

Given the fact that I will always miss his physical presence in my newer accomplishments, my work will always be done in memory of his great efforts and to respect him with my new triumphs."

I thought this was worth sharing as a blog here because it offers a glimpse into the friendships that are being formed, day in and day out, through our connections with The GLOBE Program. It also illustrates that fact that we are all connected, and that our participation with The GLOBE Program enables us to not only share our science with each other, but to also form rich relationships that cross cultures and generations.

Urban Heat Island IOP October Wrap-up

2022-11-16T06:27:10Z

A video of me talking about the IOP is here:

https://youtu.be/gAwHjoCJNe0

The GLOBE October Intensive Observation Period (IOP) for urban heat island had great data collecting from around the world. Data was collected by students at over 70 schools and 1471 observations of surface temperatures wee taken. A list of all of the schools is listed below.

Here is a map and a picture from Earth Heart Farms near Oak Harbor, OH. Students took field trips to the farm and learned about conservation efforts. The took urban heat island observations.

You will see in the images that the University of Toledo has a lot of observations and sites. I was able to loan infrared thermometers and air temperature thermometers to students in my classes at the University of Toledo. I know that there are some other schools around the world that have done the same thing. This allowed my students to take observations from a lot of places. That is one of the reasons there are so many observations around Toledo, Ohio. But, also some schools I work with, Perkins High School, Crestwood High School in Dearborn Heights, MI, Main Street Intermediate School in Norwalk, OH, Clay High School in Oregon, OH, and Hilltop High School in West Unity, OH, also took observations during the IOP.

Thank you all for taking observations and to contribute to the IOP.

School Name	Data Counts
University Of Toledo	191
Saint Andrew Catholic School	84
Clay High School	67
Ivano-Frankivsk City Environmental Station	52
SOU Bogdanci	46
Al-Khandaq Secondary School at Al-Madinah Al-Monawarah	45
Al-Ofous Secondary School at Al-Bahah	45
IES Eusebio Barreto	45
King Khalid Secondary School at Al-Hofuf	45
Sankalp Senior Secondary Day Boarding High School	45
OOU Goce Delcev	42
The 3rd Intermediate Girls School at Dhahran	42
The 1st Secondary Girls School at Al-Gonfutha	40
Kaohsiung Municipal Cianjin Junior High School	39
Medicinska Å¡kola Ante KuzmaniÄ‡a	39
OS Banija	39
Srednja Å¡kola BraÄ‡a RadiÄ‡	38
The 24th Seconadry Girls School at Makkah Al-Mukarramah	30
Alpena Elementary/Middle School	29
Main Street Intermediate School	29
OS Valentin Klarin	28
Tsangpo PS	27
SOU Josif Josifovski	26
2 Intermediate School Abu Arish At Jazan	25
Hafsah bint sirin basic school	24
Osnovna skola grofa Janka Draskovica	21
Al-Habeel Secondary School For Girls At Al-gunfodah	18
Welty Environmental Center	18
St.Michael School	15
Gozo College Middle School	13
National Kinmen Senior High School	12
OU â€œDimitar Miladinovâ€	12
Science Club Huechulafquen (After School)	12
Toledo Zoo and Aquarium	12
OS prof. Franje Viktora Signjara	11
Federal Government Girls' College Akure	10
Mingdao High School	10
Pyeongtaek Sujae Elementary School	10
Tennessee GLOBE v-School	10
Haripur Primary School	9
Ekonomska i trgovaÄka Å¡kola Dubrovnik	8
OS Sime Budinica	8
Hsin Tien Senior High School	7
The 97th Secondary Girls School at Jeddah	7
The Affiliated Senior High school of NCU	7
XV. gimnazija	7
OÅ Äurmanec	6
OS Josip Pupacic	6
Francis Walsh Intermediate School	5
Prirodoslovno-grafiÄka Å¡kola Zadar	5
The 1st Al-Mthulif Secondary Girls School at Al-Gonfutha	5
Danbury Local School District	4
University of South Florida (GLIDV699)	4
Damthang PS	3
III. osnovna skola Varazdin	3
Osamah bin Zayed School	3
Sawda Um AlMumineen School (5-12)	3
The 199th Intermediate Girls School at Riyadh	3
Custer High School	2
Greece GLOBE v-School	2
L2R	2
Mater Boni Consilii School	2
National Lo-Tung Senior High School	2
Wayne County Math/Science Center at Wayne County RESA GLOBE v-School	2
Al-Habeel Secondary School For Girls At Al-gunfodah	1
Altraif basic school	1
Navarre Elementary School (USOHQ4L6)	1
Niftarlake College	1
Science Working Group	1
SOU "Naum Naumovski-Borche"	1
St. Peter's Unity Secondary School	1
TEREZA Educational Center	1
test_mobile school 1	1
Tsangpo PS	1

NASA SEES Internship 2022: A Memorable Experience

2022-09-01T21:51:25Z

The Summer 2022 NASA SEES Internship program was a memorable one for the GLOBE Mission EARTH (GME) Team! The 6-week period of hard work, commitment, and dedication by all members led to creative and outstanding research projects from both the Urban Heat Island Effect (UHIE) and the Air Quality Initiative (AQI) Teams. The wide geographical spread of the NASA SEES students allows them to take observations using different GLOBE protocols across the United States.

The AQI Team led by GLOBE Mission EARTH Research Assistant Sara Mierzwiak and GME Teacher Janene Smith mentored a group of 7 high school students in exploring the science of Air Quality using different educational resources (Purple Air, Center for Disease Control, EPA, GLOBE, etc.). Students were mentored and inspired in several areas of conducting independent research. Students were invited to the University of Toledo’s ArcGIS Online account, through which they created ArcGIS Online Storymaps of their research projects. The last two weeks of the internship were in-person in Austin, Texas at the Center for Space Research (CSR). A photo album of their on-site activities can be viewed here: https://utexas.box.com/s/6str15tfkfzwgisxxlm1qqq8h7gw9b9b

Figure 1: AQI Team at Austin, Texas

For the UHIE Team led by Dr. Yitong and Femi, eight students selected from the NASA SEES internship program (and one student from the University of Toledo intern program) were mentored and guided to investigate the UHIE in both their local environments and globally by conducting individual and group GLOBE-related projects.

Figure 2: UHIE Team. Screenshot of one of their virtual meetings.

It is interesting to know that most of these students will be presenting at AGU 2022 Conference under the Bright Star theme, and I look forward to their presentations at the Chicago conference in Dec. 2022.

Urban Heat Island Intensive Observation Period March 2022

2022-05-27T17:26:28Z

GLOBE completed another great month of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) Intensive Observation Period (IOP) in March 2022. 107 schools participated and took a total of 1699 observations throughout the month. It is great to see more and more schools becoming active in this very important project. UHI is becoming more and more important around the world. Saudia Arabia, Croatia, Greece and Taiwan had many schools take observations during March. I am so grateful for the participation of all of the students and teachers and the great work they have done. I would really like to encourage all of the teachers to have their students take surface temperature observations of more than one cover type. Have the students compare the surface temperature and air temperature above a grassy or vegetated surface as well as a built surface like asphalt or cement. The students will see how different materials have different temperatur

As you can see in the map below of the schools that took surface temperature observations during March, there is quite a wide spread of observations across the world.

The hottest temperature recorded by students during the March IOP was 67.6 degrees C on a dry/paved surface at Yubli School of the Negev in Israel. They joined GLOBE in 2019. The coolest temperature of -12.7 degree C was recorded by a school in Greece but one that falls under the virtual school designation.

You can see in this map of Europe, Northern Africa and the Middle East below how the temperature varies across the region on March 2, 2022. The GLOBE observations are overlaid onto land surface temperature from the MODIS satellite sensor. You can do this with the GLOBE Visualization page. On the GLOBE webpage (http://globe.gov), go under GLOBE Data and Visualize Data. Then, click on the blue bar that says Enter the Visualization System.

Surface temperatures in the Saudi Arabia are the hottest and can be explained by the fact that much of Saudi Arabia is a desert. The observations in Croatia and Greece are further north and fall into the temperate climate zoon and are cooler.

Here is some great data from Greece showing the observations from 5 schools.

Schools that participated in the UHI IOP and the number of observations they took.

Brazil GLOBE v-School	100
Amal kfar yona	92
The 20th Secondary Girls School at Al-Madinah Al-Monawarah	64
Xrobb l-Ghagin	63
Iksal 'c' Primary School	47
Ivano-Frankivsk City Environmental Station	45
Greece GLOBE v-School	44
The 24th Seconadry Girls School at Makkah Al-Mukarramah	40
Yubli School of the Negev	37
The 1st Secondary Girls School at Al-Gonfutha	36
The first Arqah Secondary school Al-riyadh	34
Medicinska Å¡kola Ante KuzmaniÄ‡a	34
Al-Habeel Secondary School For Girls At Al-gunfodah	32
Sankalp Senior Secondary Day Boarding High School	32
The 199th Intermediate Girls School at Riyadh	31
Al-Ofous Secondary School at Al-Bahah	31
King Khalid Secondary School at Al-Hofuf	31
Kaohsiung Municipal Cianjin Junior High School	31
2 Intermediate School Abu Arish At Jazan	31
The 97th Secondary Girls School at Jeddah	31
OOU Goce Delcev	31
SOU Josif Josifovski	31
Nawan Secondary Girls School at Al-Makhwah	31
Elementary B	30
IES Eusebio Barreto	30
Abu baker alsedik basic school	30
OS Banija	29
SOU Bogdanci	28
The 1st Secondary Girls School at Dhahran	27
Hafsah bint sirin basic school	27
National Lo-Tung Senior High School	26
OS Valentin Klarin	25
Osnovna Å¡kola Rugvica	22
Taipei Municipal Wan Fang Senior High School(GLID3I86)	22
OS Dubovac	21
Horfish Elementary B School	19
St.Michael School	19
Freeport High School	19
Rowland Hall	17
The 1st Secondary Girls School at Sabya	17
Suankularb Wittayalai Nonthaburi school	17
OS Hugo Badalic	17
Yahalom	15
OS Sime Budinica	15
OS Josip Pupacic	14
L2R	13
Community Roots Academy	13
The Affiliated Senior High school of NCU	13
National Kinmen Senior High School	12
OU â€œDimitar Miladinovâ€	10
Elementary C Der Hana	9
Gozo College Xewkija Primary School	9
St. Monica School	8
University Of Toledo	8
OS Eugena Kumicica	8
St. Francis Primary School	7
St Thomas More College - Zejtun Primary B	7
The School of Nature, Environment	6
Srednja Å¡kola BraÄ‡a RadiÄ‡	6
Colegio de la Mesopotamia	5
Gozo College, Rabat Primary School	5
Gozo College, Middle School	5
Skola Za Medicinske Sestre Vrapce	5
Keelung Municipal Anle Senior High School	5
Sir Michelangelo Refalo Sixth Form	5
Moharimet School	4
Mingdao High School	4
Brener, Kfar Saba, elementary school	4
Sawda Um AlMumineen School (5-12)	4
Ben Gurion primary school	4
III. osnovna skola Varazdin	4
The 45th Secondary Girls School at Makkah Al-Mukarramah	3
Hsin Tien Senior High School	3
Shree Swaminnarayan Academy	3
Maison Bint Ahmed	3
Bennington Grade School	2
OS Antuna Mihanovica (HRHRBBIT)	2
UCAR Center for Science Education GLOBE v-School	2
St. Francis Primary School (GLIDMGF2)	2
EAN NAKOBA EAN RAFA	2
Istituto Comprensivo Perugia 3	2
Northfield School	1
West Carteret High School (GLID6IBL)	1
Gozo College Secondary School	1
Medicinska Skola Varazdin	1
SOU "Naum Naumovski-Borche"	1
Teba Secondary School at Al-Madinah Al-Monawarah	1
Perkins Local Schools	1
test_mobile school 1	1
OS Mahicno	1
test_school1	1
Peru GLOBE v-School	1
Thamare Primary School	1
The 9 th Secondary School at Madinah -	1
Santa Fe High School	1
Northwestern High School (USPARAVU)	1
The 1st Al-Mthulif Secondary Girls School at Al-Gonfutha	1
Kalispell Middle School	1
EBENEZER AFRICAN CHURCH PRIMARY SCHOOL 1	1
United States of America GLOBE v-School	1
Srinakarinwirot University Demonstration School	1
Welty Environmental Center	1
Asma bint aomis basic school	1
Amit, Reut	1
Jungil High School	1
IES Gredos	1
Neve Midbar-Abu Kweider	1
Altraif basic school	1

SEES Internship 2022: Connecting High School Students to Scientists

2022-05-02T22:28:40Z

My involvement in the Stem Enhancement in Earth Science (SEES) program started sometime around early spring 2021. The involvement was preceded by a strong recommendation from Dr. Kevin Czajkowski, PI, GLOBE Mission Earth, The University of Toledo.

Indeed, to me as a member of the GLOBE International STEM Network (GISN), my participation in SEES became an opportunity to invoke the GISN mandate which includes to mentor and inspiring students. During the SEES 2021 Internship Program, my task as SEES mentor gave me an opportunity to interact weekly with selected talented students in Urban Heat Island (UHI) Group. The students had a wide geographical spread from Montana to Texas, and from California to DC.

This year, 2022 SEES Program will afford me and my colleague-Sara, and a Post-Doctoral Fellow, Dr. Yitong at GLOBE Mission Earth, University of Toledo the privilege to once again, mentor and inspire SEES 2022 NASA Internship students on two projects: Urban Heat Island and Air Quality.

In Sara’s comment “As part of the GLOBE Mission EARTH Team, I am honored to begin another summer working with such talented students as those in the NASA SEES Internship Program. It is simultaneously humbling and inspiring to see high school students conduct research and analyses that I only learned about as a graduate student myself!"

“I thoroughly enjoyed working with high school interns from the SEES program last summer. It was the highlight of the year. The students are ambitious, passionate, and hard-working in the Urban Heat Island group. They not only had hands-on experience in scientific research, but also were challenged, humbled, inspired, and changed during the short period of time. I'm also encouraged to see that two students reached out to us after the internship and continued their research with us this year” This was Dr. Yitong’s personal comment after 2021 SEES internship experience.

Indeed, I look forward to a memorable and intellectual journey in the summer that will birth students’ hands-on and real-world projects in UHI and Air quality studies.

Urban Heat Island Effect-Surface – Continuing in March

2022-03-10T20:44:17Z

The Urban Heat Island Effect Intensive Observation Period (IOP) has started. The weather in the Northern Hemisphere has started to get warmer as meteorological spring started March 1. There was an amazing weather situation where I live this past Saturday. You can see in the images on the left that I drove about 20 miles (32 km) from my house in Michigan to the Oak Openings Park in Ohio. There is a warm front stalled across the area.

It was near 40 F (6 C) near my house but in the upper 60s (20 C) at the park. You can see in the right image that there was a warm front between my house and the park. The front did not move much from when I got to the park and left about 45 minutes later.

The weather and temperature can be amazing. As everyone keeps observing air temperature, surface temperature and clouds for the Urban Heat Island/Surface Temperature IOP, I wanted to remind everyone that we have been focusing on grass versus artificial turf on sports fields. I am working with Vasco Mantas of the University of Coimbra in Portugal and George Xian from USGS EROS Data Center in South Dakota to link the GLOBE UHIE campaign to their research study on the impacts of artificial turf and temperature. I have been working with my students at the University of Toledo in my three classes of Weather and Climate, Remote Sensing and Geospatial Technology to take surface temperature and air temperature observations on campus and also around Toledo creating a dense observation concentrations in Toledo, Ohio.

Dr. Farrokh Namjooyan is a researcher working with me at the University of Toledo. She put together the following data for the Urban Heat Island Effect IOP.

I wanted thank everyone who has taken observations this observation year so far. There have been 4,655 surface temperature observation around the world. 117 schools have taken participated in the surface temperature observations while 523 schools have taken air temperature observations with many of the schools having automated weather stations.

Here is some data from Ohio averaging all of the schools that took surface and air temperature for October through December 2021. What do you see in the data? Which is warmer on average, air temperature or surface temperature?

To me it looks like surface temperature is warmer than air temperature in early fall but then there are more days in December when surface temperature is warmer than air temperature.

I love to ice skate. Each winter I make an ice rink in my backyard. I put out plastic on a frame and fill it with water. Then, the cold weather freezes the water and I have an ice rink. Here I am on the rink holding my hockey stick. I use my infrared thermometer to measure the surface temperature of the surface to see if ice will form. What I find is that, at night especially when there are clear skies, that surface temperature can be colder than air temperature. The air temperature can be above freezing but ice can form.

More analysis shows that asphalt, in general, is warmer than grass. You can look at the data on the GLOBE website and see if data you collect matches this.

Please refer to our webpage for the IOP at:https://sites.google.com/view/uhieforstudents

On this webpage, there are instructions for taking the observations, research projects that students have completed and presented in the past, information about the turf versus grass project and my team.

And, I wanted to thank the schools who have participated by taking surface temperature observations.

Al-Habeel Secondary School For Girls At Al-gunfodah

University Of Toledo

Brazil GLOBE v-School

The 24th Seconadry Girls School at Makkah Al-Mukarramah

Ivano-Frankivsk City Environmental Station

OS Mahicno

King Khalid Secondary School at Al-Hofuf

The 97th Secondary Girls School at Jeddah

The 1st Secondary Girls School at Al-Gonfutha

OS Banija

Al-Ofous Secondary School at Al-Bahah

IES Eusebio Barreto

Medicinska Å¡kola Ante KuzmaniÄ‡a

Sankalp Senior Secondary Day Boarding High School

Main Street Intermediate School

2 Intermediate School Abu Arish At Jazan

OS Dubovac

The first Arqah Secondary school Al-riyadh

Nawan Secondary Girls School at Al-Makhwah

Greece GLOBE v-School

The 1st Secondary Girls School at Sabya

As-Siddiq Secondary School at Rejal Alma'a

Kaohsiung Municipal Cianjin Junior High School

Xrobb l-Ghagin

OS Dragojle Jarnevic

The 1st Secondary Girls School at Dhahran

Freeport High School

Alpena Elementary/Middle School

OOU Goce Delcev

SOU Bogdanci

Boston University School of Education GLOBE v-School

National Lo-Tung Senior High School

The 45th Secondary Girls School at Makkah Al-Mukarramah

The 20th Secondary Girls School at Al-Madinah Al-Monawarah

National Kinmen Senior High School

Osnovna Å¡kola Rugvica

The 9 th Secondary School at Madinah -

Taipei Municipal Wan Fang Senior High School(GLID3I86)

Asma bint aomis basic school

Ekonomska i trgovaÄka Å¡kola Dubrovnik

Graditeljska, prirodoslovna i rudarska Å¡kola

Crestwood High School

OS Valentin Klarin

OS Josip Pupacic

Hsin Tien Senior High School

St. Francis Primary School (GLIDMGF2)

Gozo College Xewkija Primary School

Hafsah bint sirin basic school

Srednja skola Petrinja

Perkins Local Schools

St. Patrick Catholic School

Community Roots Academy

Srednja Å¡kola BraÄ‡a RadiÄ‡

St.Michael School

The 18th Intermediate Girls School at Makkah Al-Mukarramah

The Affiliated Senior High school of NCU

II. osnovna skola Cakovec

OS Ivana Kukuljevica

OS Sime Budinica

New Jersey GLOBE v-School

Gozo College, Rabat Primary School

Maria Regina College Mosta Secondary School

SOU "Naum Naumovski-Borche"

St. Peter's Elementary School

Colegio de la Mesopotamia

Montverde Academy

Haripur Primary School

Gozo College Secondary School

Gozo College, Middle School

St Thomas More College - Zejtun Primary B

OS Zadarski otoci

Yahalom

Ben Gurion primary school

OS prof. Franje Viktora Signjara

Srednja Å¡kola ÄŒakovec

Sawda Um AlMumineen School (5-12)

Ekonomsko-birotehnicka i trgovacka skola Zadar

Colegio Ciudad Vieja (GLID2MH5)

Defiance Elementary School

Saint Andrew Catholic School

McKinley STEMM Academy

St. Francis Primary School

Navarre Elementary School (USOHQ4L6)

Watkins Mill High School

Gozo College, San Lawrenz Primary, aka The Friendly School

Hunkhapittayakom

West Carteret High School (GLID6IBL)

Science Club Huechulafquen (After School)

St. Peter's High School

University Of Alaska Fairbanks (USAKSWHS)

SOU Josif Josifovski

Geitonas School

Gimnazija Matija Mesic

Brazil Secondary School

Jungil High School

Mingdao High School

L2R

Dvora Omer

Millcreek West Unity Local Schools (Hilltop)

Keelung Municipal Anle Senior High School

Said bin nasser alkindi basic school

Skola Za Medicinske Sestre Vrapce

Escuela No. 46 SerafÃn Rivas

Jesup W. Scott High School

IS 223 - The Montauk School

Elementary C Der Hana

The name of the reporting school or other institution

Kalispell Middle School

Gvanim

Moharimet School

Nelson Institute Center for Climatic Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison

CollÃ¨ge Jules FERRY

Clay High School

Altraif basic school

The Affiliated High School of National Chung Hsing University

Artificial Turf, the AREN Project’s TerraROVER

2022-02-08T20:24:18Z

In the Toledo area, Dr. C and schools in the area focused on studying artificial turf versus grass soccer and football fields. Artificial turf was much warmer than natural grass. This is combining the GLOBE Urban Heat Island Field Study with research by Vasco Mantas from the University of Coimbra in Portugal and George Xian from the USGS Eros Data Center and the AREN Project with Andy Henry and Geoff Bland.

University of Toledo students using the AREN TerraROVER on the UT football field.

You can see that the artificial turf of the football field (called the Glass Bowl) and the soccer field are warmer than the grassy areas. In fact, you can see in the TerraROVER data that the concrete and asphalt near the fields was cooler. Surface temperature gathered by students in my classes using infrared thermometers, showed the same thing.

Surface temperatures taken at the University of Toledo using the GLOBE protocol. The artificial turf was about 28 C while the concrete and asphalt parking lots and grassy areas are near 18 C.

Data from the TerraROVER. You can see that the artificial turf is about 10 C warmer than the grass and parking lots surrounding it. If you look closely, the white parts of the football field are cooler than the green areas.

Information about the AREN Project can be found here.

https://www.globe.gov/web/aren-project

And, this project was funded by NASA through GLOBE Mission EARTH,

https://www.globe.gov/web/mission-earth

Exploring Engineering Solutions for a Changing Climate

2021-10-05T14:52:07Z

Did you know that NASA's Earth-observing satellites gather data that is being used by people all over the world to help respond to a variety of challenges? The 2022 GLOBE International Virtual Science Symposium is focusing on "Engineering Solutions for a Changing Climate". In this blog, I will share some information about the ways that Faisal Hossain, a Civil and Environmental Engineering Professor at the University of Washington, is using engineering and solving environmental issues through engineering solutions.

Faisal Hossain grew up in Bangladesh where he observed that sometimes there was too much water, such as during the monsoon season, and other times there was not enough water to meet people's needs. Seeing these extreme conditions first hand made him wonder how he might find some solutions to the problems. You can watch a short video of him discussing this here.

Hossain uses NASA Earth observation data ranging from precipitation to water levels, land cover, soil moisture, and land/water temperature to take a pulse of the earth we live in and how it is changing. These data are used in many decision support systems to tell us what might be the future state, for example, of flooding, or how much food a region may expect to grow, or even how much drinking water may be available in a region. Predicting the future helps us make decisions on how to prepare, whether that is for the next day, next week, next month / season or even next year. Hossain also works with a project that uses precipitation data and weather forecast data to tell farmers when and how much to irrigate and even inform them if they can save water by not irrigating. This results in a lot of saving of water and increased food production. Hossain also uses NASA data to monitor how warm or cold river waters are below a dam to understand if that dam is causing damage to the ecosystem.

Watch a video titled "Guiding Farmers with NASA Satellites" to learn more about his work and see the engineering solutions that were developed using NASA data here. Read this article that describes the problem and the PANI model which was developed to help farmers make effective decisions to save water and make agriculture a more sustainable practice in India.

Any teachers out there looking for a way to teach students this content? NASA's Global Precipitation Measurement outreach team has developed a suite of four lesson plans, complete with Teacher Guides, Presentations, Student Capture Sheets, and more! These are titled "Water for Wheaties" and use a project-based learning and universal design for learning approach. You will find these lessons plans on the "Precipitation Education" website under the "Who Uses GPM Data?" tab.

Looking at Metrics and Data Numbers Related to the Trees Around the GLOBE Student Research Campaign.

2021-08-12T15:21:47Z

The Trees Around the GLOBE Student Research Campaign is finishing up its third year. During the first three years, the campaign has had great success in building and sustaining active participation from many GLOBE members from across, currently, 58 GLOBE countries. Check out the metrics below. Since the onset of the campaign on September 15, 2018 (coincident with the launch of the NASA Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite-2 or ICESat-2 Satellite), there had been a huge uptick in tree height, land cover, and greenings (green up/green down) observations uploaded to the GLOBE Program's database.

Figure 1: Tree Height, Land Cover, and Greenings (Green Up/Green Down) Observations in GLOBE Database during the Trees Around the GLOBE Student Research Campaign and for the history of the GLOBE Program.

Figure 2: GLOBE Visualization System Map of Tree Height, Land Cover, and Greenings (Green Up/Green Down) Observations in GLOBE Database during the Trees Around the GLOBE Student Research Campaign. Also, some stats on webinars, participants, and campaign blog views.

Figure 3: Active Countries Map for the Trees Around the GLOBE Student Research Campaign as of August 2021.

Can a storm and wind affect tree height? Here's the evidence!

2021-02-11T16:07:11Z

Have you ever seen a tree snap due to high winds or a lightning strike?

Back in March 2020, I saw a beautiful Bradford Pear tree starting to bloom with its pale yellow-white blossoms. I thought that this would be a very nice, isolated tree to take a NASA GLOBE Observer tree height observation.

Tree Height - March 15, 2020, 19.41m, Bradford Pear, Salisbury, Maryland USA

Let's fast forward to August 4, 2020. At this time, the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States was being greatly affected by the remnants of Hurricane Isaias. By this time, the hurricane was downgraded to Tropical Storm Isaias, but still contained heavy precipitation and very strong winds.

Precipitation map on August 4, 2020 of Tropical Storm Isaias. The orange and yellow represents the most precipitation. Salisbury, Maryland, located with the red star, is in the dark green region. This is a heavy rain area.

At approximately 1:30pm EDT, a neighbor texted me the following, "It's a sad day today, wind took down half of the Bradford Pear tree next to the pond." A sad day indeed! Bradford Pear trees are known to be weak-structured and not very resilient. Bradford Pears have a life expectancy of about 18 to 25 years, so they grow at a fast pace, with each branch and twig sprouting upwards. This causes many limbs to crowd around the trunk, or base, of the tree. The higher the branches grow, the weaker they become.

Let's fast forward again, but this time to February 3, 2021. Just after an evening snowfall on February 2, 2021, I wanted to do another tree height observation to see just how much the tree has changed over almost a year's time. Wait until you see the difference!

Tree Height - February 3, 2021, 19.41m, Bradford Pear, Salisbury, Maryland USA

Comparison of the Bradford Pear Tree Heights - March 15, 2020 and February 3, 2021, including a precipitation map of Tropical Storm Isaias and the photon height data from ICESat-2.

Look at the difference in the tree height between March 15, 2020 and February 3, 2021. The tree height went from 19.41m to 16.61m! Can you see the difference in the size and shape of the tree? Can you see why the tree height decreased by 2.8m following the August 4, 2020 Tropical Storm Isaias weather event? This really highlights the effects that wind can have on tree height, especially on a historically-weak tree species.

Now, let's take this a bit further. As you know, the NASA Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite-2 or ICESat-2 Mission also measures tree canopy height from space. You also know that ICESat-2 uses an onboard laser altimeter system called the Advanced Topographic Laser Altimeter System or ATLAS, to measure the heights of object on Earth, including sea ice, ice sheet, glaciers, sea level, landforms, and trees.

So, I decided to see if ICESat-2 happened to measure this tree, and to my delight, it did! What makes this super-exciting is that this is an isolated tree. What does this mean? The ICESat-2 laser photons that are fired from the satellite to Earth spread out when traveling the 300 miles from the satellite to the Earth. When the photon hits the Earth, it has an approximate 14m diameter footprint on the ground. If there happens to be multiple trees in that footprint, ICESat-2 takes an average tree height from all the trees within that footprint. The Bradford Pear tree happened to be an isolated tree, meaning that it was the only tree height captured, by ICESat-2 in the photon footprint. Exciting stuff!

Looking at the height of the Bradford Pear Tree from ICESat-2, and the NASA GLOBE Observer Trees Tool

On July 31, 2019, ICESat-2 measured the Bradford Pear at 19.13m, just a tiny bit smaller (only 0.28m difference) than I did using the NASA GLOBE Observer on March 15, 2020. This is a very close match of tree height data from the ground (NASA GLOBE Observer) and space (ICESat-2).

My hopes is that ICESat-2 will once again take a tree height measurement of the Bradford Pear. We can then see how close I am with my post-Tropical Storm Isaias wind damaged tree height observation of 16.61m. Until then, keep looking up at the trees.

Find Your Place with NASA!

2020-12-11T17:37:50Z

Ever wonder what it might be like to work for NASA? This year at the American Geophysical Union (AGU) Annual Meeting (kind of like a huge IVSS as it is virtual this year), NASA shared a wealth of resources to help anyone interested in working with or for NASA to "find their place"! Take a look at this site and explore the myriad of amazing opportunities and programs that exist for a wide variety of different audiences. These programs range from research and learning opportunities to being engaged by being a part of The GLOBE Program! So check out the "Find Your Place" website here and start dreaming and working toward meeting your dreams!

Impact of snow and shade from a tree on surface temperature

2020-12-11T04:53:21Z

It snowed at my house in Michigan last week, the first week of December 2020. I love snow and I really like to see how snow affects the surface temperature. Between 60 and 80 mm of snow was on the ground. I took surface temperature observations as part of the Urban Heat Island Student Research Campaign. I wanted to show what you could do by yourself at your house if you have an infrared thermometer.

My two sites are my backyard which is grass and the gravel driveway in the front of our house. The backyard has a line of Black Spruce trees just south of where I am standing in the picture. The trees cast shadows on part of the backyard. In this blog, I'll look at how surface temperature is affected by the snow, land cover and the shadow.

In this graph, you can see that the surface temperature in the sun, in general, was higher than the temperature in the shade. I marked where there was snow on the ground. Once the snow melted, the temperature went above freezing. On December 8, 2020, skies were very cloudy so the temperature of both areas was the same because there was no snow.

You can see that the driveway had higher temperatures than the grass. Snow melted first on the driveway as well. So, my conclusions from this study is that the tree shade, grass land cover and snow helped to keep the area cool.

I hope to continue to take surface temperature observations this week through January 1, 2021.

I also wanted to share what a remote learning school in North Carolina has done for the campaign. Linda Schmalbeck is the teacher at the North Carolina of Science and Math School. Since it is a remote learning school, she has students from all over the state. She has had all of her students take GLOBE observations from near where they live. They met at an arboretum on a Saturday where Linda gave the students infrared thermometers to use. They then used them at their houses. Below is a map of the observations across the state. The green dots represent a sampling location.

Dr. C

Pacing, Tree Height, and Land Cover

2021-06-03T12:55:43Z

Did you know that your pace is a vital part of taking observations of tree height and land cover? A pace is a unit of length consisting either of one normal walking step, or of a double step, returning to the same foot, your dominant foot.

Pacing Image above courtesy of Rothwell-Osnabruch K-12 School - Ontario, Canada

The NASA GLOBE Observer Trees Tool uses your height to estimate your step length, which it then uses to estimate the distance to the tree, but you can also measure your pace directly, which will make your tree height measurements more accurate. Want to learn how to figure out your pace? Please take a look at the NASA GLOBE Observer 'Find Your Pace' Activity

You can also take a deeper diving into pacing and why it is also important for NASA GLOBE Observer Land Cover Tool users by checking out the GLOBE Investigation Instruments 'Pacing Activity.' The citizen scientists will need to identify a space for observation that has 50 meters of clearance in each direction. When implementing the protocol observation, they may not always have an opportunity to measure the 50 m area with a tape measure. Becoming familiar with how far 50 m is by pacing can help them in successful implementation of the protocol.

Example of pacing from the GLOBE Investigations Instruments 'Pacing Activity'

Pacing is vital to making sure that you get an accurate tree height measurement and that you are able to accurately measure the 50m area when taking land cover observations.

The 25,000th NASA GO Tree Height is in!

2020-12-07T14:39:33Z

WOOHOO! It’s time to celebrate! The NASA GLOBE Observer just had its 25,000th citizen science tree height observation. The observation came in on November 30, 2020 from Corvallis, Oregon. Since the release of the NASAGO Trees Tool on March 26, 2019, there has been an average of 40 tree height observations taken per day across the GLOBE Program participant countries.

Do you want to take tree height observations too? Check out https://observer.globe.gov/do-globe-observer/trees. Your tree height observations are so important to science research and exploration:

- Tree height is the most widely used indicator of an ecosystem’s ability to grow trees.

- Tree height allows you to track the growth of trees over time.

-The GLOBE Tree height observations can help researchers understand the gain or loss of biomass which can inform calculations of the carbon that trees and forests either take in from or release into the atmosphere.

Remember, always follow guidelines from your local officials, and only participate in GLOBE activities or use the GLOBE Observer app if it is safe to do so. Please check out the GLOBE Program's Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Getting excited about the launch of NASA's next Earth-observing mission!

2020-11-20T23:03:44Z

The newest satellite to monitor global sea level is ready for its journey into space. Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich, the latest in a series of spacecraft designed to monitor the global ocean, is scheduled to launch on Saturday, Nov. 21. Will you be watching?

Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich, the latest in a series of spacecraft designed to monitor our oceans, is scheduled to launch from Vandenberg Air Force Base in central California on Saturday, Nov. 21, 2020. The satellite will be followed in 2025 by its twin, Sentinel-6B. Together, the pair is tasked with extending our nearly 30-year-long record of global sea surface height measurements. Instruments aboard the satellites will also provide atmospheric data that will improve weather forecasts, climate models, and hurricane tracking.

Named after former NASA Earth Science Division Director Michael Freilich, the U.S.-European satellite will be carried into space on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket with liftoff targeted for 12:17 p.m. EST from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.

Tune in live for pre launch and launch broadcasts, kicking off on Friday, Nov., 20 at 3:30 p.m. EST with an update all about the science of this historic mission. Live coverage and countdown commentary will begin on Nov. 21 at 11:45 a.m. EST on NASA Television and the agency’s website, as well as YouTube, Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitch, Daily Motion, and Theta.TV.

You can watch the most recent NASA Science Live show and learn more about sea level rise and this mission here. Visit NASA's new "Rising Waters" interactive website to learn about sea level rise, how this mission will help us better understand and respond to this threat, and find many educational resources that can help you share information about this topic with others. Take a little time to delve into this IQuest as you learn more about sea level rise and how NASA satellite data is helping us better monitor these changes.

The satellite is named after Michael Freilich, the former director of NASA's Earth Science division. Freilich’s career as an oceanographer spanned nearly four decades and integrated research on Earth’s oceans, leading satellite mission development, and helping to train and inspire the next generation of scientific leaders. His training was in ocean physics, but his vision encompasses the full spectrum of Earth’s dynamics. Learn more about him and the satellite which was inspired by his legacy here.

Meet six "Super Heroes" behind the Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich Satellite and hear their amazing stories as well as how they are supporting the science and engineering behind this mission here.

Urban Heat Island Student Research Campaign

2020-11-19T23:06:51Z

Even with the pandemic, participation the campaign has been good. Although the number of schools participating and the total number of observations was down from last year, it was still a nice number of each. So far this fall (Northern Hemisphere) spring (Southern Hemisphere) there have been over 3,500 observations from 135 sites (70 schools) across the world. Please see the list below. There are a number of schools in Saudi Arabia with over 100 observations. We also have observations from Brazil and an area of India where there are six new schools taking part in the urban heat island campaign. I’m glad to see observations from Malta (the islands of Malta and Gozo). My father-in-law is from Malta originally and moved to the US 65 years ago when he was a teenager.

I wanted to highlight Linda Schmalbeck and her students from the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics. Her students are remote and all over the state of North Carolina. They came together at a park on Saturday and then each took surface temperature observations near where they live.

Students and teachers should do as much as they are able given precautions in their area. The state of Michigan in the US just went to 100% online for all high school students. My son, who is a senior, was going two days a week and doing online the rest of the week. Now, he is 100% online for the next three weeks.

Schools that have entered data between August 1 and November 19, 2020

School Name	Count
The first Arqah Secondary school Al-riyadh	522
Govt. Girls High School (GLIDE8NS)	288
Haripur Primary School	285
Brazil GLOBE v-School	279
The 24th Seconadry Girls School at Makkah Al-Mukarramah	217
Sankalp Senior Secondary Day Boarding High School	188
Ivano-Frankivsk City Environmental Station	149
Al-Habeel Secondary School For Girls At Al-gunfodah	129
IES Eusebio Barreto	111
King Khalid Secondary School at Al-Hofuf	109
Kaohsiung Municipal Cianjin Junior High School	103
As-Siddiq Secondary School at Rejal Alma'a	99
OS Banija	87
Nawan Secondary Girls School at Al-Makhwah	85
Perkins Local Schools	70
Binapani High School	65
The 45th Secondary Girls School at Makkah Al-Mukarramah	65
Osnovna Å¡kola Rugvica	62
æ–°åŒ—å¸‚ç«‹æ–°åŒ—é«˜ç´šä¸å¸	59
Nehru Nodal Ucha Bidyapitha	53
North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics Durham Campus	50
OS Dubovac	50
Alpena Elementary/Middle School	49
Jungil High School	49
National Kinmen Senior High School	48
Skola Za Medicinske Sestre Vrapce	48
Boston University School of Education GLOBE v-School	44
Medicinska Å¡kola Ante KuzmaniÄ‡a	33
OS Ivana Kukuljevica	29
PEACE Schools Network	26
Graditeljska prirodoslovna i rudarska Å¡kola	24
IES Gredos	23
Srednja skola Petrinja	23
National Lo-Tung Senior High School	20
Houjia Junior High School	19
OS Valentin Klarin	19
RIMULI HIGH SCHOOL RIMULI	19
Saint Andrew Catholic School	18
OS Sime Budinica	15
Kaohsiung Youchang Junior High School	13
Srednja Å¡kola BraÄ‡a RadiÄ‡	13
St. Patrick Catholic School	12
Gozo College Middle School	11
The 97th Secondary Girls School at Jeddah	11
Srisamrongchanupathum	10
Nongvangwittayakom	9
SciStarter Citizen Scientists LLC GLOBE v-School	9
Srednja Å¡kola ÄŒakovec	9
St.Michael School	9
Anuban Chiangmai	8
Greece GLOBE v-School	8
The University Of Toledo	8
Damrongratsongkroh (GLIDWCJB)	7
Netherlands GLOBE v-School	3
St. Peter's Elementary School	3
United States of America GLOBE v-School	3
Batat Intermediate Girls School at Al-Makhwah	2
Elayet feda basic school	2
IDEA Homeschool Fairbanks	2
Boleslaw Prus Primary School No. 1 in Gora	1
Garrett High School	1
Hamad Town Boys School	1
III. osnovna skola Varazdin	1
Khunkraiphitthayakom	1
Medicinska Skola Varazdin	1
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center GLOBE v-School	1
North Star Montessori Academy	1
OS Antuna Mihanovica (HRHRBBIT)	1
Philippine Science High School - Calabarzon Campus	1
Srednja Å¡kola Jastrebarsko	1