Student Research Reports

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Soil properties play a critical role in plant growth, ecosystem stability, and sustainable agriculture, yet they are strongly influenced by land-use practices. This study investigated how agricultural activity affects soil characteristics by comparing forest and field environments within the framework of the GLOBE program. Field research was conducted in Leina village, southwestern Estonia, in August 2025 across five contrasting land-use sites: a deciduous forest, an unused grass-covered field, a manure-treated agricultural field, a drainage ditch, and a pine forest edge. Soil profiles were examined using standard GLOBE protocols to measure humus horizon thickness, soil acidity (pH), nutrient availability (NPK), and temperature at different depths. The results showed clear variation in soil structure and chemistry between environments. Forest soils generally exhibited thicker humus layers and higher acidity, while agricultural soils were more alkaline and warmer, particularly in open fields. The manure-treated field displayed a reduced humus horizon but elevated pH levels, suggesting strong human influence on soil chemistry. Soil fertility differences could not be conclusively determined due to limitations in measurement precision. Overall, three of the four initial hypotheses were supported: open agricultural soils were warmer, more alkaline, and structurally distinct from forest soils. The findings highlight how land use alters soil systems and emphasize the importance of responsible agricultural management. This study also demonstrates the educational value of field-based research in developing scientific observation skills and environmental awareness.